Effects of high NaHCO₃ alkalinity on growth, tissue structure, digestive enzyme activity, and gut microflora of grass...

With the gradual decrease in freshwater resources, the available space for freshwater aquaculture is diminishing. As a result, saline-alkaline water aquaculture has emerged as a crucial method to fulfill the increasing demand. This study investigates the impact of alkaline water on the growth performance, tissues (gill, liver, and kidney), digestive enzyme activity, and intestinal microbiology in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The aquarium conditions were set with sodium bicarbonate (18 mmol/L (LAW), 32 mmol/L (HAW)) to simulate the alkaline water environment. A freshwater group was the control (FW). The experimental fish were cultured for 60 days. The findings revealed that NaHCO₃ alkaline stress significantly reduced growth performance, caused alterations in the structural morphology of gill lamellae, liver, and kidney tissues, and led to decreased activity of intestinal trypsin and lipase amylase (P < 0.05). Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences demonstrated that alkalinity influenced the abundance of dominant bacterial phyla and genera. Proteobacteria showed a significant decrease under alkaline conditions, while Firmicutes exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, alkalinity conditions significantly reduced the abundance of bacteria involved in protein, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, cell transport, cell decomposition, and environmental information processing. Conversely, the abundance of bacteria associated with lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, organic systems, and disease functional flora increased significantly under alkalinity conditions (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this comprehensive study indicates that alkalinity stress adversely affected the growth performance of juvenile grass carp, likely due to tissue damage, reduced activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, and alterations in intestinal microorganisms.