Deciphering the genetic architecture of fruit color in strawberry

Fruits of Fragaria species usually have an appealing bright red color due to the accumulation of anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoid pigments. Octoploid cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a major horticultural crop for which fruit color and associated nutritional value are main breeding targets. Great diversity in fruit color intensity and pattern is observed not only in cultivated strawberry but also in wild relatives such as its octoploid progenitor F. chiloensis or the diploid woodland strawberry F. vesca, a model for fruit species in the Rosaceae. This review examines our understanding of fruit color formation in strawberry and how ongoing developments will advance it. Natural variations of fruit color as well as color changes during fruit development or in response to several cues have been used to explore the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation. So far, the successful identification of causal genetic variants has been largely driven by the availability of high-throughput genotyping tools and high-quality reference genomes of F. vesca and F. × ananassa. The current completion of haplotype-resolved genomes of F. × ananassa combined with QTL mapping will accelerate the exploitation of the untapped genetic diversity of fruit color and help translate the findings into strawberry improvement.