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Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Published on: September 1, 2015

The role of claudin-2 in kidney function and dysfunction.

Duuamene Nyimanu¹, Christine Behm¹, Sonali Choudhury¹

¹The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A.

Biochemical Society Transactions

|June 30, 2023

Summary

Claudin-2 protein regulates kidney water and ion transport. Its altered expression is linked to kidney diseases, but the exact mechanisms require more research.

Keywords:

calcium claudin kidney tight junction tubule

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Last Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

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Published on: September 1, 2015

Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

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Published on: August 9, 2014

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

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Published on: November 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Renal Physiology

Background:

Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein forming cation and water pores in leaky epithelia.
It plays a key role in energy-efficient transport in kidney proximal tubules.

Approach:

This review synthesizes current knowledge on claudin-2.
It covers claudin organization, expression, and function in the kidney.

Key Points:

Claudin-2's paracellular pore is crucial for kidney transport.
Altered claudin-2 expression is implicated in kidney stone disease and renal cell carcinoma.
The precise mechanisms linking claudin-2 to disease pathogenesis are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

Further investigation into claudin-2's role in kidney function and disease is warranted.
Understanding these mechanisms could reveal new therapeutic targets for kidney disorders.