Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
Published on: December 20, 2024
Precision medicine in chronic rhinosinusitis - using endotype and endotype-driven therapeutic options
Yutong Sima1,2, Yan Zhao1,2, Xiangdong Wang1,2,3
1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Introduction:
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease, and its complex pathophysiological characteristics pose a challenge to its clinical treatment. CRS is distinguished not only by clinical phenotype but also by endotype characteristics, which are divided into type 2 CRS and non-type 2 CRS.
Areas Covered:
In this review, we summarize and discuss current studies that depict the mechanisms and endotypes of CRS. In particular, inflammatory cells and the microbiome play a role in the pathophysiology of CRS. We also listed some of the biomarkers described in recent studies that may serve as a theoretical foundation for additional investigations. We have summarized the advantages and disadvantages of existing treatments and listed the available biological treatments for CRS in detail.
Expert Opinion:
Endotype-driven therapeutic options face many challenges because of the complexity of the disease. Glucocorticoids, nasal endoscopic surgery, and biological therapy are the main treatments used in clinical practice, but they have limitations. This review provides advice on the clinical management and treatment options for patients with different endotypes, which will be more conducive to improving the quality of life and reducing the financial burden on patients.
More Related Videos
15:04Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
Published on: May 20, 2016
06:13Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
Published on: June 20, 2018
Related Concept Videos
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Cystic Fibrosis: Management
Sinus disease and chronic...
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management
Smoking Cessation
Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...