Maternal metabolism and teratogenesis in zinc-deficient rats

Embryos removed at 11.5 days gestation from pregnant rats allowed a zinc-deficient diet from the time of mating showed a high frequency of malformations of all organ systems. There were, however, large differences between litters of individual dams. Comparison of the daily food intake of zinc-deficient dams with the appearance of the embryos suggested that fluctuations in the maternal serum zinc levels induced by feeding or fasting influenced the availability of zinc to the embryos. By cyclically feeding zinc-deficient dams to a predetermined schedule, low maternal serum zinc levels were induced at selected stages of development. This was accompanied by specific malformations of the organs developing at that time.