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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
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Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

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Smartphone Compatible versus Conventional Ophthalmoscope: A Randomized Crossover Educational Trial.

Rachel Curtis1, Mark Xu1, Daisy Liu1

  • 1Kingston Health Sciences Centre-Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology (2017)
|June 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Smartphone ophthalmoscopy with the D-EYE attachment demonstrated superior ease-of-use and confidence for medical students compared to traditional direct ophthalmoscopes (DO). This technology offers valuable learning opportunities in medical education and potential clinical applications.

Keywords:
D-EYEdirect ophthalmoscopymedical educationsmartphone ophthalmoscopeundergraduate medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Education
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Direct ophthalmoscopy is a fundamental skill in ophthalmology.
  • Traditional direct ophthalmoscopes (DO) require significant training for proficiency.
  • Smartphone-based ophthalmoscopy offers a potentially more accessible alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance and ease-of-use (EOU) of optic disk assessment using a smartphone direct ophthalmoscope attachment (D-EYE) versus a conventional direct ophthalmoscope (DO).
  • To evaluate the impact on medical students' confidence and accuracy in optic disk examination.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, randomized, crossover, educational trial involving first-year medical students inexperienced in ophthalmoscopy.
  • Comparison of optic disk identification, EOU ratings, self-reported confidence, and vertical cup-to-disk ratio (VCDR) estimation between D-EYE and DO.
  • Statistical analyses included Chi-square tests, t-tests, correlations, and multivariable linear regression.

Main Results:

  • Students using the D-EYE required fewer attempts and less time for fundus visualization compared to DO.
  • Significantly greater overall EOU (p < 0.001) and confidence (p = 0.003) were reported with the D-EYE.
  • No statistically significant differences were found in the accuracy of VCDR estimations between the two devices.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone ophthalmoscopy (D-EYE) enhances learning opportunities in medical education due to improved ease-of-use and visualization success.
  • The D-EYE may be considered for clinical practice by non-specialist physicians, offering a user-friendly alternative for optic disk assessment.