How does exercise affect energy metabolism? An in silico approach for cardiac muscle

We explored an in silico model of muscle energy metabolism and demonstrated its theoretical plausibility. Results indicate that energy metabolism triggered by activation can capture the muscle condition, rest, or exercise, and can respond accordingly adjusting the rates of their respiration and energy utilization for efficient use of the nutrients. Our study demonstrated during exercise higher respiratory activity causes a substantial increase in exergy release with an increase in exergy destruction, and entropy generation rate. The thermodynamic analysis showed that at the resting state when the exergy destruction rate was 0.66 W/kg and the respiratory metabolism energetic efficiency was 36% and exergetic efficiency was 32%; whereas, when the exergy destroyed was 1.24 W/kg, the energetic efficiency was 58% and exergetic efficiency was 50% during exercise. The efficiency results suggest the ability of the system to regulate itself in response to higher work demand and become more efficient in terms of converting energy coming from nutrients to useable energy when the circulating medium has sufficient energy precursor.