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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Hypertension: A Systemic Analysis of Various ACE Inhibitors, Their Side Effects,
Hafiz Ahmad1,2, Huma Khan3, Shabirul Haque4
1RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras al Khaimah, UAE.
Insights
Hypertension management involves targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This review focuses on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and explores alternative therapies like food-derived bioactive peptides for blood pressure control.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Pharmacology
- Nephrology
Background:
- Hypertension is a significant risk factor for severe cardiovascular and renal diseases.
- The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation, glucose metabolism, and electrolyte balance.
- Key RAS components include angiotensinogen, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin II, ACE, and ACE2, offering therapeutic targets for hypertension.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review blood pressure regulation mechanisms, focusing on ACE's role.
- To examine current hypertension treatments targeting RAS components, including ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
- To highlight the need for alternative therapies, such as food-derived bioactive peptides.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of mechanisms in hypertension and RAS.
- Analysis of drugs targeting RAS components, particularly ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
- Exploration of bioactive peptides as potential alternative hypertension treatments.
Main Results:
- ACE is a critical target for blood pressure control, converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II and degrading bradykinin.
- ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are widely used but have associated side effects.
- Bioactive peptides from food present a promising alternative for hypertension management.
Conclusions:
- Targeting ACE and other RAS components is vital for hypertension treatment.
- Current therapies have limitations, necessitating exploration of novel approaches.
- Food-derived bioactive peptides offer a potential alternative for managing hypertension and its complications.
Abstract:
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attack, produce atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney infection, blindness, end-stage renal infection, and cardiovascular diseases. Many mechanisms are involved in causing hypertension, i.e., via calcium channels, alpha and beta receptors, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS has an important role in blood pressure control and is also involved in the metabolism of glucose, homeostasis, and balance of electrolytes in the body. The components of RAS that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure are angiotensinogen, Ang I (angiotensin I), Ang II (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), and ACE 2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). These components provide for relevant therapeutic targets for the treatment of hypertension, and various drugs are commercially available that target individual components of RAS. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors are the most popular among these drugs. ACE is chosen in this review as it makes an important target for blood pressure control because it converts Ang I into Ang II and also acts on the vasodilator, bradykinin, to degrade it into inactive peptides. This review highlights various aspects of blood pressure regulation in the body with a focus on ACE, drugs targeting the components involved in regulation, their associated side effects, and a need to shift to alternative therapy for putative hypertension treatment in the form of bioactive peptides from food.
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