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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

Published on: March 6, 2019

Polymorphic KIR3DL3 expression modulates tissue-resident and innate-like T cells.

William H Palmer^1,2, Laura Ann Leaton^1,2, Ana Campos Codo^1,2

¹Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.

Science Immunology

|June 30, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL3 (KIR3DL3) is mainly found in T cells, not NK cells, and can inhibit T cell function. KIR3DL3 expression varies, impacting immune checkpoint therapies.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) typically function on natural killer (NK) cells, recognizing HLA class I ligands.
KIR3DL3, an inhibitory KIR, binds the B7 family ligand HHLA2 and is a target for immune checkpoint inhibition.
The expression and function of KIR3DL3 have remained largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the expression profile and biological function of KIR3DL3.
To determine the cellular distribution and characteristics of KIR3DL3-expressing cells.
To explore the implications of KIR3DL3 expression and its variants for immune checkpoint targeting.

Main Methods:

Extensive transcriptomic analysis to identify KIR3DL3 expression.
High-resolution flow cytometry and single-cell transcriptomics to characterize KIR3DL3+ T cells.
Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) usage and functional assays including KIR3DL3 ligation.

Main Results:

KIR3DL3 is highly expressed in γδ and CD8+ T cells, not NK cells, with enriched presence in the lungs and digestive tract.
KIR3DL3+ T cells exhibit an activated transitional memory phenotype and reduced functionality.
TCR-mediated T cell stimulation can be inhibited by KIR3DL3 ligation, and certain genetic variants affect KIR3DL3 expression levels.

Conclusions:

KIR3DL3 is upregulated during unconventional T cell activation and its expression is variable among individuals.
Findings suggest KIR3DL3 plays a role in T cell regulation and has implications for personalized KIR3DL3/HHLA2 immune checkpoint inhibition strategies.