Molecular and Structural Insight into Adenosine A_2A Receptor in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Significant Target for...

All biological tissues and bodily fluids include the autacoid adenosine. The P1 class of purinergic receptors includes adenosine receptors. Four distinct G-protein-coupled receptors on the cellular membrane mediate the effects of adenosine, whose cytoplasmic content is regulated by producing/degrading enzymes and nucleoside transporters. A_2A receptor has received a great deal of attention in recent years because it has a wide range of potential therapeutic uses. A_2B and, more significantly, A_2A receptors regulate numerous physiological mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). The inferior targetability of A_2B receptors towards adenosine points that they might portray a promising medicinal target since they are triggered only under pharmacological circumstances (when adenosine levels rise up to micromolar concentrations). The accessibility of specific ligands for A_2B receptors would permit the exploration of such a theory. A_2A receptors mediate both potentially neurotoxic and neuroprotective actions. Hence, it is debatable to what extent they play a role in neurodegenerative illnesses. However, A_2A receptor blockers have demonstrated clear antiparkinsonian consequences, and a significant attraction exists in the role of A_2A receptors in other neurodegenerative disorders. Amyloid peptide extracellular accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation are the pathogenic components of AD that lead to neuronal cell death, cognitive impairment, and memory loss. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that A_2A adenosine receptor antagonists may block each of these clinical symptoms, offering a crucial new approach to combat a condition for which, regrettably, only symptomatic medications are currently available. At least two requirements must be met to determine whether such receptors are a target for diseases of the CNS: a complete understanding of the mechanisms governing A_2A-dependent processes and the availability of ligands that can distinguish between the various receptor populations. This review concisely summarises the biological effects mediated by A_2A adenosine receptors in neurodegenerative disorders and discusses the chemical characteristics of A_2A adenosine receptor antagonists undergoing clinical trials. Selective A_2A receptor blocker against neurodegenerative disorders.