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Related Concept Videos

States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

17.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas01:18

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

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When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work, and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its...
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Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

24.1K
A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
24.1K
States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

1.3K
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package
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Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

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Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter.

Thomas G White1, Jiayu Dai2, David Riley3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|July 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Studying dynamic processes in warm dense matter presents significant challenges. This paper explores fundamental physics concepts and current research hurdles in this specialized field.

Keywords:
experimental techniquesplasmasreviewsimulationwarm dense matter

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Warm dense matter (WDM) is a distinct state of matter.
  • Understanding WDM requires exploring time-dependent processes and non-equilibrium behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key challenges in studying WDM.
  • To outline fundamental physics concepts defining WDM.
  • To provide a selective overview of current research challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis.
  • Discussion of foundational physics principles.
  • Selective, non-comprehensive review of current challenges.

Main Results:

  • Identification of critical research challenges in WDM.
  • Elucidation of core physics concepts defining WDM.
  • Highlighting areas for future research in dynamic WDM processes.

Conclusions:

  • WDM is a complex field with significant study challenges.
  • Further research is needed to understand dynamic and transient processes in WDM.