Stochastic RNA editing of the Complexin C-terminus within single neurons regulates neurotransmitter release

Neurotransmitter release requires assembly of the SNARE complex fusion machinery, with multiple SNARE-binding proteins regulating this process to control when and where synaptic vesicle fusion occurs. Complexin (Cpx) controls spontaneous and evoked neurotransmitter release by modulating SNARE complex zippering. Although the central SNARE-binding helix is essential, post-translational modifications to Cpx's C-terminal membrane-binding amphipathic helix modulate its activity. Here we demonstrate that RNA editing of the Cpx C-terminus regulates its ability to clamp SNARE-mediated fusion and alters presynaptic output. RNA editing of Cpx within single neurons is stochastic, generating up to eight edit variants that fine-tune neurotransmitter release by changing the subcellular localization and clamping properties of the protein. Similar editing rules for other synaptic genes were observed, indicating stochastic editing at single adenosines and across multiple mRNAs can generate unique synaptic proteomes within the same population of neurons to fine-tune presynaptic output.