Asymmetric conformations and lipid interactions shape the ATP-coupled cycle of a heterodimeric ABC transporter

To illuminate the structural origin of catalytic asymmetry of heterodimeric ABC transporters and how it shapes the energetics of their conformational cycles, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy (DEER), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, to capture and characterize conformational states of the heterodimeric ABC multidrug exporter BmrCD in lipid nanodiscs. In addition to multiple ATP- and substrate-bound inward-facing (IF) conformations, we obtained the structure of an occluded (OC) conformation wherein the unique extracellular domain (ECD) twists to partially open the extracellular gate. In conjunction with DEER analysis of the populations of these conformations, the structures reveal that ATP-powered isomerization entails changes in the relative symmetry of the BmrC and BmrD subunits that propagates from the transmembrane domain (TMD) to the nucleotide binding domain (NBD). The structures uncover asymmetric substrate and Mg ²⁺ binding which we hypothesize are required for triggering ATP hydrolysis preferentially in one of the nucleotide-binding sites. MD simulations demonstrated that multiple lipid molecules, identified from the cryo-EM density maps, differentially bind the IF versus the OC conformation thus modulating their relative stability. In addition to establishing how lipid interactions with BmrCD modulate the energy landscape, our findings are framed in a distinct transport model that highlights the role of asymmetric conformations in the ATP-coupled cycle with implications to the mechanism of ABC transporters in general.