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Related Concept Videos

Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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The oncogene cyclin D1 promotes bipolar spindle integrity under compressive force.

Renaldo Sutanto1, Lila Neahring1,2, Andrea Serra Marques1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 3, 2023
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Summary

Overexpressing the oncogene cyclin D1 in cells can lead to abnormal cell division structures but also protects them from mechanical stress. This may help cancer cells proliferate in challenging tumor environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The mitotic spindle is crucial for chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • Understanding how cancer-associated gene mutations affect spindle mechanics in solid tumors is vital.
  • Oncogenic transformation can alter cell division, but its impact on spindle function under mechanical stress is unclear.

Approach:

  • Constitutively overexpressed the oncogene cyclin D1 in human MCF10A cells.
  • Investigated the effects of cyclin D1 on spindle architecture and response to compressive force.
  • Analyzed changes in spindle poles, centrioles, chromosome number, and mechanical stability.

Key Points:

  • Cyclin D1 overexpression increases the occurrence of multipolar spindles (extra poles, centrioles, chromosomes).
  • Despite increased multipolarity, cyclin D1 protects spindle poles from fracturing under compression.
  • This protection suggests an adaptation to mechanical stress in the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclin D1 overexpression may confer a mechanical advantage to cells in solid tumors.
  • This adaptation could contribute to the prevalence of cyclin D1 in cancers like breast cancer.
  • The findings provide insights into how cancer cells overcome mechanical challenges for proliferation.