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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

13.4K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Variation is important: Warranting chromatin function and dynamics by histone variants.

Danhua Jiang1, Frédéric Berger2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|July 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Flowering plants use diverse histone variants and modifications to regulate gene expression and maintain genome stability. Chromatin remodelers are key players in shaping these essential plant chromatin states.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisChromatinHistone modificationHistone variantPlantTranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin biology

Background:

  • Flowering plants possess diverse core and linker histone sequence variants.
  • Histone variants and post-translational modifications (PTMs) define specific chromatin states.
  • These states influence chromatin functions and gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on histone variants in plants.
  • To highlight the role of chromatin remodelers in regulating histone variant dynamics.
  • To discuss the importance of histone variants in plant genome integrity and life cycle transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on plant histone variants.
  • Analysis of the interplay between histone variants, PTMs, and chromatin remodelers.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of chromatin states in plants.

Main Results:

  • Specific histone variant enrichment and PTMs create distinct chromatin states.
  • Chromatin remodelers dynamically shape chromatin states and gene transcription.
  • Histone variants are crucial for genome integrity and programmed developmental transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Histone variants are fundamental to plant chromatin organization and function.
  • Understanding histone variant dynamics offers insights into plant evolution and complexity.
  • This field promises significant discoveries in plant biology.