Effect of spousal military deployment during pregnancy on neonatal birth outcomes: a systematic review

Stress experienced during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes including preterm delivery (PTD) and low birth weight (LBW). Pregnant spouses and partners of deployed military personnel can experience heightened stress due to several factors associated with the military lifestyle. This systematic review aims to ascertain whether deployment at the time of delivery increases the risk of PTD and/or LBW in babies born to pregnant spouses or partners of deployed service persons.

A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method by searching EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and Global Health databases from inception to March 2021. Keyword searches were used to identify primary research, English language journal articles, that included any military branch and reported a measure of PTD and/or LBW of babies born to spouses/partners of deployed service persons. Risk of bias was assessed with validated tools appropriate for study type and a narrative synthesis was performed.

Three cohort or cross-sectional studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All three studies were conducted in the US military, were published between 2005 and 2016 and included a cumulative total of 11 028 participants. Evidence suggests that spousal deployment may be a risk factor for PTD, although strength of evidence is weak. No association between spousal deployment and LBW was found.

Pregnant spouses and partners of deployed military personnel may be at increased risk of PTD. The strength of evidence is limited by a paucity of rigorous research in this area. No studies were identified that included service women in the UK Armed Forces. Further research is required to understand the perinatal needs of pregnant spouses/partners of deployed service persons and to understand if there are unmet clinical or social needs in this population.