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Related Concept Videos

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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Palmitic acid/expanded graphite/CuS composite phase change materials toward efficient thermal storage and

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Summary

Researchers developed a novel composite phase change material (PA/EG/CuS) for efficient solar energy storage. This material demonstrates excellent thermal conductivity, high storage capacity, and superior photothermal conversion efficiency, paving the way for advanced solar energy applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Composite phase change materials (PCMs) are crucial for thermal energy storage.
  • Improving thermal conductivity and preventing leakage in PCMs remains a challenge.
  • Photothermal conversion enhances solar energy utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel composite phase change material (PA/EG/CuS) with enhanced thermal properties and photothermal conversion.
  • To investigate the role of expanded graphite (EG) and nano-copper sulfide (nano-CuS) in the composite material.
  • To evaluate the material's potential for solar energy storage and utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of expanded graphite (EG) with nano-CuS (EG/CuS) support.
  • Filling EG/CuS with varying ratios of palmitic acid (PA).
  • Synthesis and characterization of the PA/EG/CuS composite phase change material.

Main Results:

  • The PA/EG/CuS composite exhibited excellent chemical and thermal stability.
  • Maximum thermal conductivity reached 0.372 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹.
  • Maximum phase change thermal storage capacity was 260.4 kJ kg⁻¹.
  • Optimal photothermal conversion efficiency achieved was 81.4%.

Conclusions:

  • The PA/EG/CuS composite demonstrates superior thermal storage and photothermal conversion capabilities.
  • The expanded graphite structure effectively enhances thermal conductivity and reduces leakage.
  • This material offers a promising solution for solar energy utilization and storage.