Fully convolutional neural network and PPG signal for arterial blood pressure waveform estimation

Objective. The quality of the arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform is crucial for predicting the value of blood pressure. The ABP waveform is predicted through experiments, and then Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure, (DBP), and Mean arterial pressure (MAP) information are estimated from the ABP waveform.Approach. To ensure the quality of the predicted ABP waveform, this paper carefully designs the network structure, input signal, loss function, and structural parameters. A fully convolutional neural network (CNN) MultiResUNet3+ is used as the core architecture of ABP-MultiNet3+. In addition to performing Kalman filtering on the original photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, its first-order derivative and second-order derivative signals are used as ABP-MultiNet3+ enter. The model's loss function uses a combination of mean absolute error (MAE) and means square error (MSE) loss to ensure that the predicted ABP waveform matches the reference waveform.Main results. The proposed ABP-MultiNet3+ model was tested on the public MIMIC II databases, MAE of MAP, DBP, and SBP was 1.88 mmHg, 3.11 mmHg, and 4.45 mmHg, respectively, indicating a small model error. It experiment fully meets the standards of the AAMI standard and obtains level A in the DBP and MAP prediction standard test under the BHS standard. For SBP prediction, it obtains level B in the BHS standard test. Although it does not reach level A, it has a certain improvement compared with the existing methods.Significance. The results show that this algorithm can achieve sleeveless blood pressure estimation, which may enable mobile medical devices to continuously monitor blood pressure and greatly reduce the harm caused by Cardiovascular disease (CVD).