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Related Concept Videos

Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Optimizing Chromatographic Separations01:15

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Optimizing chromatographic separations is crucial for obtaining clean separations in a minimum amount of time. Optimization is required for several factors, including kinetic effects related to band broadening, plate height, capacity factor, and separation factor.
Band broadening refers to spreading solute bands as they travel through the column. This broadening can impact resolution. Plate height (H) represents the length required for one theoretical plate. A lower plate height corresponds to...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

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The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

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The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
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Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

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The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
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Steady State Concentration01:05

Steady State Concentration

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A steady state refers to the level of a drug in the body once it has reached an equilibrium between administration and elimination. It represents the point at which the drug administration rate equals the drug elimination rate, resulting in a relatively constant concentration in the body over time. The dynamic equilibrium is crucial to ensure the drug's effectiveness with minimal risk of toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

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Interval between two-stage exchanges: what is optimal and how do you know?

Ricardo Sousa1,2, André Carvalho3,4, Daniel Soares3,4

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal. ricardojgsousa@gmail.com.

Arthroplasty (London, England)
|July 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining the best time for reimplantation after periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) surgery is difficult. Current tests lack accuracy, so decisions rely on clinical signs and marker trends.

Keywords:
Antibiotic holidayCement spacer aspirationPeriprosthetic joint infectionReimplantation timingSerological markersTwo-stage exchange arthroplasty

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Infectious Disease
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Two-stage exchange arthroplasty is a common treatment for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).
  • Accurate assessment of infection eradication and optimal reimplantation timing remain challenging.
  • Evidence-based guidance for these decisions is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review existing evidence on diagnostic tests for determining reimplantation timing after PJI.
  • To evaluate the accuracy and utility of various markers and protocols in managing PJI treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of available scientific literature.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tests including serology, synovial fluid analysis, and cultures.
  • Examination of optimal time intervals and antibiotic holiday protocols.

Main Results:

  • Traditional reliance on normal inflammatory markers post-surgery lacks evidence for predicting persistent infection.
  • Synovial fluid cultures, differential leukocyte counts, and alternative biomarkers show limited accuracy in detecting infection with an in-situ spacer.
  • Evidence supporting specific time intervals or a two-week antibiotic holiday before reimplantation is scarce.

Conclusions:

  • Currently, no definitive metrics accurately guide the optimal timing for reimplantation in PJI cases.
  • Clinical judgment, alongside trending serological and synovial markers, remains crucial for decision-making.