How does dental implant macrogeometry affect primary implant stability? A narrative review

Area of Science:

• Dental Implantology
• Biomaterials Science
• Surgical Implantology

Background:

• The macrogeometry of dental implants is crucial for achieving primary stability, which is the foundation for successful osseointegration.
• Implant design factors, such as diameter, shape, and surface characteristics, directly influence the initial contact area with the surrounding bone.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically review the macro-geometric features of dental implants that affect their primary stability.
• To explore the relationship between implant design and initial osseointegration success.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library.
• Relevant studies were screened, selected, quality assessed, and data extracted for summary and conclusion.

Main Results:

• Larger implant diameter, conical shape, and roughened surfaces enhance the bone-implant contact area, improving primary stability.
• The positive correlation between implant length and primary stability plateaus beyond 12 mm.

Conclusions:

• Choosing ideal implant geometry requires considering local bone and soft tissue conditions, alongside patient-specific factors like osteoporosis and diabetes.
• Addressing these factors is essential for maximizing therapeutic success and minimizing implant failure risk.