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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Drugs that Destabilize Microtubules01:10

Drugs that Destabilize Microtubules

Microtubules are dynamic structures and can be regulated by microtubule targeting agents (MTAs). Microtubule destabilizing drugs are a class of MTAs that destabilize and prevent microtubules' polymerization. Both natural and synthetic chemicals can be found under this class of drugs. Vincristine and vinblastine, two vinca alkaloids, and colchicine were among the first to be discovered. These drugs can affect cells in various ways, either by inducing a change in cell morphology, preventing...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro
08:41

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Published on: February 9, 2016

Melphalan may be a more potent leukemogen than cyclophosphamide.

M H Greene, E L Harris, D M Gershenson

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |September 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ovarian cancer survivors treated with alkylating agent chemotherapy face a significantly increased risk of developing leukemia. Melphalan poses a higher risk than cyclophosphamide, emphasizing the importance of agent choice and dosage in cancer therapy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Hematology
    • Cancer Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Alkylating agents are a cornerstone of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.
    • Long-term adverse effects of cancer therapy, including secondary malignancies, require careful evaluation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between alkylating agent chemotherapy and the risk of developing leukemic disorders in ovarian cancer survivors.
    • To compare the risks associated with different alkylating agents and explore dose-response relationships.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 3363 ovarian cancer survivors from five randomized clinical trials and two medical centers.
    • Evaluation of leukemic disorder incidence, cumulative risk, and risk factors, including specific chemotherapy agents and radiation therapy.
    • Assessment of dose-response relationships for melphalan and cyclophosphamide.

    Main Results:

    • A 93-fold increased risk of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was observed in women treated with chemotherapy (7.7/1000 women/year).
    • Risk was highest 5-6 years post-treatment and decreased thereafter; radiation therapy did not influence risk.
    • 10-year cumulative risk for leukemic disorders was 8.5% with alkylating agents, with higher risks for melphalan (11.2%) than cyclophosphamide (5.4%).
    • Dose-response relationships were apparent for melphalan and suggested for cyclophosphamide.

    Conclusions:

    • Alkylating agent chemotherapy significantly increases the risk of leukemic disorders in ovarian cancer survivors.
    • The choice of chemotherapeutic agent (melphalan vs. cyclophosphamide) and drug dosage are critical factors influencing long-term risks.
    • These findings underscore the need for careful consideration of treatment strategies to minimize adverse effects in long-term cancer survivorship.