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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
1.5K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

43.1K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

14.3K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
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Strain effects on lithium ion diffusion in various crystal structures.

Bicong Liu1, Jiamin Guo1, Xiao Gu1

  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. guxiao@nbu.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|July 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tensile strain enhances lithium diffusion in lithium-ion battery electrodes by altering activation energies. In-plane strain has a greater effect than uniaxial strain, impacting battery performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes experience complex mechanical forces and volume changes during operation.
  • These mechanical stresses significantly impact the electrochemical performance and longevity of LIBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of volumetric strain on lithium (Li) diffusion within various LIB electrode structures.
  • To understand the mechano-electro-chemical coupling effects on Li diffusion kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Li diffusion activation energies for face-centered cubic (Li3M, Li2MN, Li2MNY6, Li3MY6) and conventional structures (olivine, spinel, LISICON, layered).
  • Simulations were conducted under varying tensile and uniaxial strain conditions.

Main Results:

  • Tensile strain was found to favor lithium diffusion across all analyzed structures.
  • In-plane strain demonstrated a more pronounced effect on Li diffusion compared to uniaxial strain.
  • Strain-induced changes in transition metal valence significantly influenced Li diffusion rates.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical strain, particularly tensile and in-plane, is a critical factor governing Li diffusion in LIB electrodes.
  • Understanding these mechano-electrochemical couplings is essential for designing high-performance and durable LIBs.