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Related Concept Videos

General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

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The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape
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Surface-engineered double-layered fabrics for continuous, passive fluid transport.

Mohammad Soltani1, Sudip Kumar Lahiri1, Sadaf Shabanian2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada. kevin.golovin@utoronto.ca.

Materials Horizons
|July 6, 2023
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Summary

This study introduces a novel textile design using superhydrophobic finishes and patterned wettability channels to rapidly transport sweat away from the skin. This advanced fabric ensures wearer comfort, even in humid conditions, by overcoming the limitations of traditional wicking textiles.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Textile Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional wicking textiles transport moisture away from skin for thermophysiological comfort.
  • Wicking efficacy decreases significantly in high humidity or when multiple layers are worn, leading to saturation.
  • Existing methods struggle with efficient liquid removal under challenging environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel fluid transport textile design utilizing combined physical and chemical wettability patterns.
  • To create a fabric capable of actively transporting and removing liquids like sweat, enhancing wearer comfort.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional wicking finishes in saturated or high-humidity environments.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a non-toxic, superhydrophobic fabric finish that preserves air permeability.
  • Integration of two superhydrophobic fabric layers threaded together.
  • Patterning of wettability channels on the inner/interior sides of the fabric layers for directional fluid transport.

Main Results:

  • The new textile design facilitates liquid transport through stitches to interior channels, maintaining dry external faces.
  • Achieved directional fluid transport even under highly humid conditions.
  • Demonstrated a fluid transport rate approximately 20 times faster than evaporation-based methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed textile strategy effectively transports and removes liquids, enhancing thermophysiological comfort.
  • This design offers a significant improvement over existing wicking technologies, particularly in extreme or humid conditions.
  • The principles can be applied to personal protective ensembles for professionals like firefighters, law enforcement, and healthcare workers.