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Related Concept Videos

Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

190
Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
Sulfates from sources like soil, groundwater, or industrial effluents...
190
Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

212
Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
Another type of impurity is clay and fine material that...
212
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

115
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
115
Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

95
Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...
95
Aggregate Cement Ratio01:21

Aggregate Cement Ratio

274
The Aggregate Cement ratio refers to the weight of aggregate divided by the weight of cement in a concrete mix. Altering this ratio has profound effects on the concrete's properties. This ratio plays a pivotal role in determining the strength, workability, and durability of concrete. When the Aggregate Cement ratio is higher, the mix is leaner, meaning it has less cement paste to lubricate the aggregate, potentially making the concrete less workable. Such mixes, known as lean, enhance the...
274
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

255
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
255

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Compounding warning letters to 503A facilities between 2017 and 2021.

Qingsong Zhang, Xinling Liu, Yating Qian

    Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : Japha
    |July 6, 2023
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    Compounding pharmacies (503A facilities) face quality issues, particularly with sterile environments and lack of valid prescriptions. FDA warning letters highlight these problems, offering learning opportunities to improve drug compounding operations and reduce errors.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Compounding
    • Regulatory Compliance
    • Drug Quality Assurance

    Background:

    • Growing demand for compounded medications, especially for pediatrics and geriatrics, underscores their importance.
    • Compounding pharmacies (503A facilities) face risks including quality issues and non-compliance with prescription requirements.
    • The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic amplified the need for accessible, high-quality compounded formulations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning letters issued to 503A facilities.
    • To identify common violations related to compounding medicines not meeting United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) specifications.
    • To pinpoint recurring issues in sterile compounding environments and prescription handling.

    Main Methods:

    • Content analysis of FDA warning letters issued to 503A facilities from 2017 to 2021.
    • Descriptive statistics to quantify violation types and frequencies.
    • Categorization of violations based on compounding environment and prescription validity.

    Main Results:

    • 113 warning letters analyzed; 112 targeted 503A facilities.
    • 79.46% of facilities had sterile compounding environmental issues, with facility design, cleaning, and personnel practices being key problems.
    • 64.29% of facilities lacked valid patient-specific prescriptions for some products, often linked to sterile environment deficiencies.

    Conclusions:

    • FDA warning letters serve as crucial educational tools for compounders.
    • Analysis reveals critical areas for improvement in compounding operations, focusing on sterile environments and regulatory adherence.
    • Learning from these warnings can help reduce errors and enhance the quality of compounded medications.