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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
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Bacterial orbital cellulitis - A review.

Dayakar Yadalla1, Rajagopalan Jayagayathri1, Karthikeyan Padmanaban2

  • 1Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Pondicherry, India.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
|July 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orbital infections, often from ethmoid sinuses, cause significant eye morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, including antibiotics and sometimes surgery, are crucial to prevent vision loss and systemic complications.

Keywords:
Bacterialcomplicationsimagingorbital cellulitissinusitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Orbital and periorbital infections are common and lead to substantial morbidity.
  • Orbital cellulitis is particularly prevalent in pediatric and young adult populations.
  • Ethmoid sinus infections are a frequent source due to anatomical factors facilitating spread.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and management of orbital infections.
  • To highlight the potential for severe complications and vision loss.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed-indexed journals.
  • Review of causes including sinus infections, trauma, and surgical procedures.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools like CT and MRI.

Main Results:

  • Orbital infections can be caused by Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms.
  • Clinical signs include eyelid edema, erythema, chemosis, proptosis, and ophthalmoplegia.
  • Complications can lead to vision loss and systemic sequelae such as meningitis.

Conclusions:

  • Orbital infections constitute an ocular emergency requiring immediate medical attention.
  • Intravenous antibiotics and potential surgical intervention are standard treatments.
  • Effective management involves addressing the source of infection, such as sinus drainage, to prevent severe outcomes.