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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

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Nucleation at Finite Temperature: A Gauge-Invariant Perturbative Framework

Johan Löfgren1, Michael J Ramsey-Musolf2,3,4,5, Philipp Schicho6

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.

Physical Review Letters
|July 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

We developed a gauge-invariant method to calculate bubble nucleation rates in high-temperature theories. This framework aids in understanding electroweak baryogenesis and cosmic phase transitions for gravitational wave signals.

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