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Metaphor processing: Referring and predicating.

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Metaphor processing is generally effortless, but this study reveals referential metaphors demand more cognitive effort than predicative ones. This difference holds regardless of sentence position, highlighting a unique aspect of referential metaphor comprehension.

Keywords:
Cognitive benefitsMetaphorPredicationProcessing effortReferenceRelevance theory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Decades of research suggest metaphor processing requires no more effort than literal language when contextually appropriate.
  • Some studies contradict this, proposing pragmatic theories predict higher cognitive costs for metaphors.
  • A disparity exists in processing metaphorical language used predicatively versus referentially.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive costs associated with different uses of metaphor.
  • To test the hypothesis that referential metaphors incur greater processing costs than predicative metaphors.
  • To determine if sentence position affects the processing effort of referential metaphors.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed and assessed existing metaphor processing experiments (1970s-present).
  • Conducted two self-paced reading experiments using metaphorical and literal language.
  • Manipulated the position of metaphorical referring expressions (subject vs. object) to control for sentence position effects.

Main Results:

  • Referential metaphors incurred significantly greater processing costs than literal equivalents.
  • Metaphorical predication did not show increased processing costs compared to literal language.
  • The increased cost of referential metaphors was consistent regardless of their position in the sentence.

Conclusions:

  • The referential use of metaphor is uniquely effort-demanding compared to its predicative use.
  • Cognitive effort in metaphor comprehension is dependent on the linguistic function (referential vs. predicative).
  • Further analysis is needed to understand the specific mechanisms behind the effort involved in referential metaphor processing.