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Biochemical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis.

Julia Maroto-García1, Ana Martínez-Escribano2, Virginia Delgado-Gil3

  • 1Biochemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Faculty of Medicine. University of Malaga, Spain.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|July 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) relies on biomarkers. Research reviews cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum biomarkers for improved MS detection and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CSF biomarkersKappa free light chainsMultiple sclerosisNeurofilamentsOligoclonal bands

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
  • Despite no definitive cure, advancements in MS therapies are driven by biomarker discovery.
  • Current MS diagnosis lacks a single pathognomonic clinical or laboratory marker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and prognosis.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate and prompt MS diagnosis for treatment and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on laboratory tests for MS.
  • Analysis of biomarkers including immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) and kappa free light chain.
  • Consideration of potential biomarkers related to neuronal damage, demyelination, and inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Immunoglobulin G oligoclonal bands (OCB) in CSF are a common biomarker for MS, included in diagnostic criteria.
  • Kappa free light chain demonstrates higher sensitivity and specificity for MS diagnosis compared to OCB.
  • Emerging biomarkers for neuronal damage, demyelination, and inflammation show potential for MS detection.

Conclusions:

  • CSF and serum biomarkers are crucial for establishing an accurate and prompt MS diagnosis.
  • Effective MS diagnosis facilitates timely treatment initiation.
  • Optimizing clinical outcomes in MS patients is directly linked to early and precise diagnosis through biomarkers.