Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

11.5K
The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
 
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K·mol), T is the absolute temperature in kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient. This equation may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process under any given set of conditions.
Reaction Quotient...
11.5K
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

648
Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the...
648
Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II01:17

Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test II

272
The Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, commonly referred to as the runs test, is a nonparametric test used to assess the randomness of ordered data. The test evaluates the number of runs, which are consecutive sequences of similar elements within the data. If the number of runs is significantly higher or lower than expected, the data is considered non-random, indicating a detectable pattern or structure.
For binary data, runs are identified using symbols such as + and −, or equivalently, 1s and...
272
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

1.4K
In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
1.4K
Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle01:08

Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle

4.5K
The Frost circle or the inscribed polygon method is a graphical method for determining the relative energies of π molecular orbitals (MOs) for planar, fully conjugated, and monocyclic compounds. This method was first described by A. A. Frost and Boris Musulin in 1953.
A Frost circle is constructed by drawing a polygon whose number of edges is equal to the number of carbons of the given cyclic system, with one of the vertices pointing down. Then, a circle is drawn enclosing the polygon so...
4.5K
Introduction to the Sign Test01:10

Introduction to the Sign Test

904
The sign test is an important tool in nonparametric statistics, offering a straightforward yet effective method for analyzing matched pairs, nominal data, or hypotheses concerning the median of a population. It transforms data points into positive or negative signs, avoiding the need for assumptions about data distribution and instead focusing on the direction of change. It is particularly valuable when data does not conform to the normal distribution requirements of many parametric tests. For...
904

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dopamine-dependent functions of hyaluronic acid/dopamine/silk fibroin hydrogels that highly enhance N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) delivered from nasal cavity to brain tissue through a near-infrared photothermal effect on the NAC-loaded hydrogels.

Biomaterials advances·2023
Same author

Authenticated Semi-Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on W States.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same author

Catalytic level identification of ZSM-5 on biomass pyrolysis and aromatic hydrocarbon formation.

Chemosphere·2021
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.6K

Cryptanalysis of a Semi-Quantum Bi-Signature Scheme Based on W States.

Chun-Wei Yang1, Jason Lin2, Chia-Wei Tsai3

  • 1Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, College of Humanities and Sciences, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung 406040, Taiwan.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals critical security flaws in the semi-quantum bi-signature (SQBS) scheme, including impersonation and man-in-the-middle attacks. These vulnerabilities compromise signer privacy and private key security.

Keywords:
W-like statebi-signaturequantum cryptographyquantum signaturesemi-quantum

More Related Videos

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
00:07

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.6K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
00:07

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.7K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum cryptography
  • Information security

Background:

  • Semi-quantum bi-signature (SQBS) schemes enable secure digital signatures using both quantum and classical resources.
  • Zhao et al. recently proposed an SQBS scheme utilizing W states for two quantum signers and one classical verifier.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze and identify security vulnerabilities within Zhao et al.'s proposed SQBS scheme.
  • To demonstrate the susceptibility of the scheme to various sophisticated attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Security analysis of the SQBS protocol.
  • Simulation and theoretical examination of potential attack vectors.
  • Evaluation of the scheme's resilience against insider and eavesdropper threats.

Main Results:

  • Identified three significant security issues in Zhao et al.'s SQBS scheme.
  • Demonstrated that an insider attacker can perform impersonation attacks to steal private keys.
  • Confirmed that an eavesdropper can execute a man-in-the-middle attack to compromise all secret signer information, bypassing eavesdropping checks.

Conclusions:

  • Zhao et al.'s SQBS scheme is not secure as proposed.
  • The identified vulnerabilities, including impersonation and man-in-the-middle attacks, render the scheme unsafe for practical use.
  • The scheme fails to adequately protect the signer's secret information, necessitating urgent revisions or alternative approaches.