EMD-Based Energy Spectrum Entropy Distribution Signal Detection Methods for Marine Mammal Vocalizations

To develop a passive acoustic monitoring system for diversity detection and thereby adapt to the challenges of a complex marine environment, this study harnesses the advantages of empirical mode decomposition in analyzing nonstationary signals and introduces energy characteristics analysis and entropy of information theory to detect marine mammal vocalizations. The proposed detection algorithm has five main steps: sampling, energy characteristics analysis, marginal frequency distribution, feature extraction, and detection, which involve four signal feature extraction and analysis algorithms: energy ratio distribution (ERD), energy spectrum distribution (ESD), energy spectrum entropy distribution (ESED), and concentrated energy spectrum entropy distribution (CESED). In an experiment on 500 sampled signals (blue whale vocalizations), in the competent intrinsic mode function (IMF2) signal feature extraction function distribution of ERD, ESD, ESED, and CESED, the areas under the curves (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were 0.4621, 0.6162, 0.3894, and 0.8979, respectively; the Accuracy scores were 49.90%, 60.40%, 47.50%, and 80.84%, respectively; the Precision scores were 31.19%, 44.89%, 29.44%, and 68.20%, respectively; the Recall scores were 42.83%, 57.71%, 36.00%, and 84.57%, respectively; and the F1 scores were 37.41%, 50.50%, 32.39%, and 75.51%, respectively, based on the threshold of the optimal estimated results. It is clear that the CESED detector outperforms the other three detectors in signal detection and achieves efficient sound detection of marine mammals.