Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 24, 2025

An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Published on: June 24, 2025
Risk factors associated with recurrent febrile urinary tract infection in children with neurogenic bladder who
Guanglun Zhou1, Man Jiang2,3,4, Xiaodong Liu1
1Department of Urology and Laboratory of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, China.
Objective:
To identify the clinical and urodynamic risk factors associated with the development of recurrent febrile urinary tract infections (FUTIs) in children with neurogenic bladder (NB) who perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).
Methods:
Children with NB receiving CIC were prospectively enrolled from January to December 2019 and followed up prospectively for 2 years. All data were compared between occasional (0-1 FUTI) and recurrent FUTIs (≥2 FUTI) groups. In addition, the risk factors for recurrent FUTIs in children were evaluated.
Results:
Complete data from 321 children were analyzed. Occasional FUTIs occurred in 223 patients, and 98 patients experienced recurrent FUTIs. Univariate and multivariate analyses, showed late-initiation and low-frequency CIC, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), small bladder capacity and low compliance, and detrusor overactivity were associated with an increased risk of recurrent FUTIs. Children with high-grade VUR (grades IV-V) had a higher risk of recurrent FUTIs than those with low-grade VUR (grades I-III) (odds ratio [OR]: 26.95 vs. OR: 4.78, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Our study suggests that late-initiation and low-frequency CIC, VUR, small bladder capacity and low compliance, and detrusor overactivity were associated with recurrent FUTIs in patients with NB. In addition, high-grade VUR is a crucial risk factor for recurrent FUTIs.
Related Concept Videos
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management
Disorders of the Urinary System
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

