Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

560
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
560
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

69.1K
Overview
69.1K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

1.1K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Isatin-pyridine oxime hybrids as potential reactivators of A-242-inhibited acetylcholinesterase.

Archives of toxicology·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Mechanism of trans-envelope bacterial polysaccharide secretion in Class-3 outer-membrane polysaccharide export (OPX) protein systems.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Mechanism of trans-envelope bacterial polysaccharide secretion in Class-3 outer-membrane polysaccharide export (OPX) protein systems.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Citrullinated vimentin and alpha enolase are expressed at the cell surface of apoptotic human neutrophils.

Human immunology·2025
Same author

SI/II Pocket of Ras: An Opportunity for a Once "Undruggable" Target.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Dengue virus and Zika virus alter endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites to regulate respiration and apoptosis.

iScience·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Ligand Nano-cluster Arrays in a Supported Lipid Bilayer
10:34

Ligand Nano-cluster Arrays in a Supported Lipid Bilayer

Published on: April 23, 2017

7.0K

Drug Self-Aggregation into Nano-Entities Has the Potential to Induce Immune Responses.

Fatma Shahout1, Marion Vanharen1, Abdelaziz Saafane1

  • 1Université du Québec, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|July 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Small molecule drug nano-entities can form in solution and may trigger immune responses. This pilot study observed increased IL-8 and TNF-α in immune cells exposed to some drug aggregates.

Keywords:
free-state solution behaviorsimmune responsesnano-entitiesside effectsthree-phase equilibrium

More Related Videos

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
11:07

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

13.3K
Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry
07:31

Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 28, 2014

17.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Ligand Nano-cluster Arrays in a Supported Lipid Bilayer
10:34

Ligand Nano-cluster Arrays in a Supported Lipid Bilayer

Published on: April 23, 2017

7.0K
Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination
11:07

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

13.3K
Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry
07:31

Detection of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Interactions with Primary Immune Cell Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 28, 2014

17.7K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Immunology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Small molecules in solution can exist as soluble monomers, self-assembled nano-entities, or solid precipitates.
  • Emerging evidence links drug nano-entities to unintended side effects.
  • Understanding these behaviors is crucial for drug safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential correlation between drug nano-entities and immune responses.
  • To explore the formation and detection of drug self-assemblies in aqueous solutions.
  • To assess the impact of drug aggregates on immune cell models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy for nano-entity detection.
  • Employed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) to monitor immune responses.
  • Tested drug and dye compounds on murine macrophage and human neutrophil cell models.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected self-assembly into nano-entities for selected drugs and dyes.
  • Observed a correlation between exposure to certain drug aggregates and increased levels of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α).
  • Demonstrated modulation of immune responses in both murine and human cell models.

Conclusions:

  • This pilot study suggests a link between drug nano-entities and immune system modulation.
  • Further large-scale investigations are warranted to explore drug-induced immune-related side effects.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering molecular self-assembly in drug development and safety assessments.