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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

207
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

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Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions
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Population encoding of stimulus features along the visual hierarchy.

Luciano Dyballa1, Andra M Rudzite2, Mahmood S Hoseini3

  • 1Department of Computer Science, Yale University.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 10, 2023
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Summary

Neural populations in the retina discretely encode visual features, while the primary visual cortex (V1) shows a continuous representation. This suggests artificial neural networks resemble retinas more than brains.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • The retina and primary visual cortex (V1) contain diverse neural populations sensitive to various visual features.
  • Understanding how these neural populations partition stimulus space to represent features is crucial but remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Biological visual processing exhibits distinct feature partitioning strategies between the retina and V1.
  • CNNs used in visual processing models appear to more closely mimic retinal processing than cortical processing.
  • This suggests current artificial neural networks may be more analogous to 'big retinas' than 'little brains'.