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Controlled-release urea significantly boosts rice yields and nitrogen use efficiency by enhancing soil inorganic nitrogen and key gene expressions. This advanced fertilizer improves enzyme and protein synthesis for better nitrogen absorption and utilization in crops.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Plant Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Controlled-release urea (CRU) offers potential benefits for crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yields.
  • Research gaps exist regarding CRU's impact on gene expression and its correlation with rice yield.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of CRU on rice yield, NUE, and gene expression.
  • To explore the relationship between CRU, soil nitrogen dynamics, enzyme activities, and gene expression in rice.

Main Methods:

  • A two-year field study using direct-seeded rice.
  • Treatments included CRU at various rates (120-360 kg N ha⁻¹), standard urea (360 kg N ha⁻¹), and a control (no nitrogen).
  • Measurements involved soil/water inorganic nitrogen, enzyme activities, protein content, grain yield, NUE, and gene expression (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase).

Main Results:

  • CRU enhanced root-zone inorganic nitrogen, enzyme activities (50-200% increase vs. urea), protein content, grain yield, and NUE.
  • CRU significantly upregulated gene expression of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase (3-4 times increase vs. urea).
  • Significant correlations were observed between these indices, indicating enhanced nitrogen metabolism and assimilation.

Conclusions:

  • CRU effectively increases soil inorganic nitrogen availability in the rice root zone.
  • CRU promotes higher enzyme activity and gene expression related to nitrogen metabolism, leading to improved nitrogen absorption and utilization.
  • CRU demonstrates significant potential as an ideal nitrogen fertilizer for enhancing rice production and NUE.