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Zhengqian Bian1,2, Yan Zhang1,2, Guangyao Ye1,2
1Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai.
Virtual-reality (VR) simulator training and live pig surgery training are equally effective for novice laparoscopic surgeons. Both methods significantly outperform traditional learning, suggesting VR for foundational skills and animal models for advanced training.
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