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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica
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Innate attraction and aversion to odors in locusts.

Subhasis Ray1,2, Kui Sun1, Mark Stopfer1

  • 1Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.

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|July 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Newly hatched locusts show an innate preference for food odors, navigating towards wheat grass. However, individual odor components can elicit avoidance or attraction depending on concentration, revealing complex olfactory mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Innate odor preferences are common in animals, but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Understanding these mechanisms requires a suitable model system for olfactory investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the locust (Schistocerca americana) as a model system for studying innate olfactory preferences.
  • To investigate locust hatchlings' behavioral responses to food odors and their components.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral experiments were conducted in an open field arena using olfactory cues.
  • Locust hatchlings' navigation and time spent near odors were tracked using the Argos software toolkit.
  • Responses to wheat grass odor, individual odor components (1-hexanol, hexanal) at various concentrations, and control stimuli were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Locust hatchlings demonstrated a clear innate preference for wheat grass odor over humidified air.
  • Moderate concentrations of 1-hexanol and hexanal were avoided, while low concentrations showed varied responses (no preference for 1-hexanol, moderate attraction to hexanal).
  • The overall attraction to the food odor blend contrasted with concentration-dependent responses to its individual components.

Conclusions:

  • The locust is a viable model for studying the physiological basis of innate sensory preferences.
  • Innate olfactory preferences can be complex, with individual odor components having concentration-dependent valence.
  • Further research can explore the neural mechanisms driving these observed olfactory behaviors in locusts.