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PI Controller: Design01:24

PI Controller: Design

348
Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
348
PID Controller01:19

PID Controller

150
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in various control systems to enhance stability and performance. In a thermostat, it adjusts heating or cooling based on the temperature difference between the actual and desired levels. They are often used in automotive speed systems, effectively managing sudden speed changes while maintaining a constant speed under varying conditions. On the other hand, PI controllers, commonly employed in voltage regulation, enhance stability...
150
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

165
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
165
PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

288
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
288
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

585
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
585
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

143
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
143

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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells
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Current Sensorless Based on PI MPPT Algorithms.

Moacyr A G de Brito1, Guilherme M S Martines1, Anderson S Volpato1

  • 1Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography-FAENG, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, Costa e Silva Avenue, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil.

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|July 11, 2023
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Summary

This study introduces new current sensorless maximum-power point-tracking (MPPT) algorithms using only a voltage sensor. These methods reduce cost and complexity while maintaining high efficiency, outperforming traditional algorithms.

Keywords:
MPPTcontrollersreduced costsensorless

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy Systems
  • Control Systems

Background:

  • Traditional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms often rely on current sensors, increasing system cost and noise.
  • Existing MPPT methods like Incremental Conductance (IC) and Perturb and Observe (P&O) are effective but can be improved in terms of cost and simplicity.
  • The need for cost-effective and efficient MPPT solutions in renewable energy systems is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel current sensorless MPPT algorithms.
  • To eliminate the need for expensive and noisy current sensors in MPPT systems.
  • To maintain or improve the tracking efficiency of established MPPT algorithms.

Main Methods:

  • Development of MPPT algorithms utilizing compensators/controllers and a single voltage sensor.
  • Integration of Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers within the MPPT framework for adaptive characteristics.
  • Experimental validation of the proposed current sensorless MPPT algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The proposed current sensorless MPPT algorithms demonstrate high tracking factors (TFs), comparable to or exceeding those of IC and P&O based on PI.
  • Experimental TFs consistently exceeded 99%, with an average yield of 99.51% and a peak of 99.80%.
  • The PI-based Current Sensorless V algorithm showed particularly outstanding performance.

Conclusions:

  • Current sensorless MPPT algorithms offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional methods.
  • The integration of controllers enhances the adaptive capabilities of MPPT algorithms.
  • The developed algorithms achieve excellent performance, making them suitable for practical renewable energy applications.