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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Van der Waals Equation01:10

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The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Confinement of argon within a graphene bubble shifts its melting point to higher temperatures. Researchers observed a semi-liquid state during this phase transition, impacting argon

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Understanding phase transitions under nanoscale confinement is crucial for materials science.
  • Van der Waals bubbles, particularly graphene nanobubbles (GNBs), offer a unique system for studying confined fluids.
  • Previous studies have not fully explored the melting behavior of confined simple fluids like argon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the liquid-solid phase transition of argon confined within a graphene bubble.
  • To determine the melting curve of trapped argon under confinement.
  • To characterize any novel phase behaviors, such as semi-liquid states.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to model argon inside a graphene bubble.
  • A novel methodology was developed to prevent metastable states, ensuring accurate melting curve derivation.
  • Simulations analyzed the structural and dynamic properties of argon at varying temperatures and confinement ratios (H/R).

Main Results:

  • The melting curve of confined argon shifts to higher temperatures by approximately 10-30 K compared to bulk argon.
  • The height-to-radius ratio (H/R) of the graphene nanobubble decreases with increasing temperature.
  • A distinct semi-liquid phase was observed, characterized by layered atomic structures with significant atomic mobility.

Conclusions:

  • Confinement within a graphene bubble significantly alters the phase transition behavior of argon.
  • The observed temperature shift and semi-liquid state highlight unique properties of confined fluids.
  • These findings have implications for designing nanostructured materials and understanding fluid behavior at the nanoscale.