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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Genotyping of Sea Anemone during Early Development
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Development: Sea anemone segments polarise.

Patrick R H Steinmetz1

  • 1Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.

Current Biology : CB
|July 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Animal segmentation origins are revealed through genetic links between sea anemones and segmented animals like vertebrates and arthropods. This finding sheds light on the deep evolutionary history of body plan development.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The evolutionary origin of animal segmentation remains a long-standing question in biology.
  • Segmentation, the development of repeating body units, is a key characteristic of many animal groups, including vertebrates and arthropods.
  • Sea anemones, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, have traditionally been viewed as lacking true segmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of body patterning in sea anemones.
  • To compare the genetic mechanisms underlying the formation of segmental structures in sea anemones with those in segmented animals.
  • To explore potential evolutionary links between cnidarians and bilaterians regarding segmentation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis.

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  • Gene expression profiling in sea anemone development.
  • Analysis of developmental pathways involved in pouch formation.

    • Main Results:

    • The study identified genetic similarities in the patterning of segmental pouches in a sea anemone species.
    • These similarities were observed in genes and pathways homologous to those controlling segmental development in vertebrates and arthropods.
    • This suggests that rudimentary aspects of segmentation may have evolved earlier than previously thought.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings challenge the traditional view of sea anemones as unsegmented organisms.
    • Genetic evidence points to a deeper evolutionary origin of segmentation, potentially predating the split between cnidarians and bilaterians.
    • This research provides new insights into the evolution of animal body plans and the genetic toolkit for development.