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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Updated: Jul 23, 2026

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Concurrent NMDAR and GFAP Antibody Encephalitis During Pregnancy.

Erkam Zengin1, Irina Kharisova2, Dokpe Emechebe3

  • 1Neurology Department, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA erkam.zengin@downstate.edu.

BMJ Case Reports
|July 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This is the first case of concurrent anti-NMDAR and anti-GFAP antibody encephalitis in a pregnant woman with ovarian teratoma. Neurological recovery was significantly improved after delivery, underscoring timely diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
ImmunologyNeonatal healthNeurologyPsychiatry

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe autoimmune neurological disorder often linked to ovarian teratomas, primarily affecting young women.
  • Typical symptoms include altered consciousness, psychosis, movement disorders, seizures, and autonomic dysfunction, often requiring intensive care.

Observation:

  • This case presents the first documented instance of concurrent NMDAR and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody encephalitis in a pregnant patient with an ovarian teratoma.
  • The patient underwent teratoma removal and immunosuppressive therapy, but significant neurological improvement was observed only after childbirth.

Findings:

  • The co-occurrence of NMDAR and GFAP antibody encephalitis in pregnancy poses unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Postpartum neurological recovery suggests a potential influence of pregnancy-related factors on disease course and treatment response.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering concurrent autoimmune encephalitis in pregnant women, especially with teratoma.
  • Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management including teratoma removal and immunosuppression, and consideration of delivery timing are crucial for favorable outcomes in both mother and child.