Clinical and pathological features of second primary neoplasms arising in head and neck reconstructive skin flaps

The incidence of second primary neoplasms arising in the skin reconstructive flap (SNAF) is increasing because of the increase in head and neck flap reconstruction and cancer survival. Prognosis, optimal treatment, and their clinicopathological-genetic features are under debate and are difficult to diagnose. We retrospectively reviewed SNAFs based on a single center's experience over 20 years. Medical records and specimens of 21 patients with SNAF who underwent biopsies between April 2000 and April 2020 at our institute were retrospectively analyzed. Definite squamous cell carcinoma and the remaining neoplastic lesions were subclassified as flap cancer (FC) and precancerous lesions (PLs), respectively. Immunohistochemical studies focused on p53 and p16. TP53 sequencing was conducted using next-generation sequencing. Seven and 14 patients had definite FC and PL, respectively. The mean number of biopsies/latency intervals was 2.0 times/114 months and 2.5 times/108 months for FC and PL, respectively. All lesions were grossly exophytic and accompanied by inflamed stroma. In FC and PL, the incidences of altered p53 types were 43% and 29%, respectively, and those of positive p16 stains were 57% and 64%, respectively. Mutation of TP53 in FC and PL were 17% and 29%, respectively. All except one patient with FC under long-term immunosuppressive therapy survived in this study. SNAFs are grossly exophytic tumors with an inflammatory background and show a relatively low altered p53 and TP53 rate and a high p16 positivity rate. They are slow-growing neoplasms with good prognoses. Diagnosis is often difficult; therefore, repeated or excisional biopsy of the lesion may be desirable.