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Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Immune-mediated encephalitis.

Thomas Rossor1, Ming Lim1,2

  • 1Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|July 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric neurological deterioration often involves immune system dysfunction. This review explores immune-mediated encephalopathies, diagnostic criteria, and advanced molecular tools for better understanding and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Neurological deterioration in children poses diagnostic challenges.
  • Dysregulated immune responses are increasingly implicated in various neurological conditions.
  • Immune-mediated encephalopathies require specific diagnostic and management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of immune-mediated encephalopathies in children.
  • To discuss pediatric-specific diagnostic criteria and testing advancements.
  • To explore future directions in diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on immune-mediated encephalopathies.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and testing methodologies.
  • Examination of expanding phenotypes and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Immune-mediated encephalopathies encompass a growing spectrum of conditions.
  • New antibodies and unique imaging features are being identified.
  • Evidence base for managing rare conditions is developing.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated encephalopathies are crucial.
  • Advanced molecular investigations hold promise for future understanding and treatment.
  • Multinational consensus and data analysis guide current immune treatments.