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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy01:30

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, also known as CRRT, is a procedural treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) that gradually removes uremic toxins and fluids while maintaining acid-base balance and stabilizing electrolytes. It is particularly useful for hemodynamically unstable patients. Unlike intermittent hemodialysis, which is faster, CRRT provides a gentler approach over 24 hours, closely mimicking the function of natural kidneys. However, CRRT is not ideal for patients with...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
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An Autonomous Continuous Bladder Irrigation System.

Kai-Ho Fok1,2, Sufyan Shaikh2,3, Ray Jayatunga4

  • 1Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Journal of Endourology
|July 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new autonomous continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) system automates irrigation bag changes and monitors effluent, reducing complications and nursing workload. This innovative device alerts clinicians to critical events like bleeding or blockage.

Keywords:
automationclot retentioncontinuous bladder irrigationgross hematuriapatient safetytransurethral surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices
  • Urology

Background:

  • Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is crucial post-surgery and in emergency settings.
  • Current CBI requires manual monitoring, risking patient discomfort and complications.
  • Inappropriate CBI can lead to urinary retention, injury, and prolonged hospital stays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an autonomous CBI system.
  • To decrease disrupted irrigation flow and monitor effluent for critical events.
  • To reduce nursing workload and improve patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D printing and microcontrollers to design the autonomous CBI device.
  • Created an in vitro bladder model for testing.
  • Simulated bleeding events using bovine blood to test device response.

Main Results:

  • The device accurately detected critical bleeding, catheter blockage, and empty irrigation bags.
  • It automatically increased irrigation for bleeding and stopped/alerted for blockages.
  • The system titrated irrigation rate based on outflow, conserving resources and reducing nursing tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The autonomous CBI system meets identified needs, improving workflow and reducing cognitive load on nurses.
  • Early detection of critical events is expected to decrease patient morbidity.
  • Continuous effluent monitoring may offer a novel tool for managing hematuria.