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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Identifying Dysregulated Genes Induced by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus KSHV
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Macrophages drive KSHV B cell latency.

Agnieszka Szymula1, Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes2, Sidney Ogolla3

  • 1Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell Reports
|July 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Kaposi

Keywords:
B cellCP: ImmunologyKSHVKaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesviruslatent infectionmacrophagemalariamonocyteplasma cell

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes lifelong B cell infections, but in vitro infection is inefficient.
  • KSHV epidemiology parallels parasitic infections like malaria, which are associated with elevated monocyte counts.
  • The role of monocytes/macrophages in KSHV pathogenesis and latency remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of monocytes and macrophages in Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and latency.
  • To explore the link between KSHV epidemiology and parasitic infections characterized by monocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro infection of monocytes and M-CSF-differentiated macrophages with KSHV.
  • Proteomic analysis to identify macrophage-secreted factors.
  • Assessment of B cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation in co-culture systems.
  • Analysis of monocyte levels in children with malaria in KSHV-endemic regions.

Main Results:

  • KSHV efficiently infects monocytes and M2 macrophages.
  • Infected macrophages produce factors that promote B cell survival, proliferation, and plasmablast differentiation.
  • Macrophages drive KSHV-infected plasma cell differentiation and long-term viral latency.
  • Elevated monocyte levels were observed in Kenyan children with malaria, correlating with KSHV endemicity.

Conclusions:

  • Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, play a critical role in facilitating KSHV B cell infection and latency.
  • Macrophage-derived factors are essential for supporting KSHV-infected B cells.
  • The abundance of mononuclear phagocytes may explain the geographic distribution of KSHV infections.