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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers01:23

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

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Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Assaying the Kinase Activity of LRRK2 in vitro
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Exercise knowledge, barriers and motivators among LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers.

S Schootemeijer1, D Coker2, J F Shelton2

  • 1Radboud University Medical Center; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Department of Neurology; Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders; Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|July 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Awareness of exercise benefits for Parkinson's disease (PD) is higher in those with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation and PD. Addressing barriers could enable exercise as a PD prevention strategy.

Keywords:
Attitude to healthExerciseLeucine-rich repeat serine-threonine protein Kinase-2MotivationParkinson's disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation increases Parkinson's disease (PD) risk.
  • Exercise is a potential strategy to delay or prevent PD symptom onset in at-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess awareness of the exercise-PD relationship among LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers.
  • To identify differences in exercise awareness, barriers, and motivators between carriers with and without manifest PD.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was distributed to 4422 LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers.
  • 505 carriers (11.4%) completed the survey, including 105 with self-reported manifest PD.

Main Results:

  • 92% of carriers with manifest PD and 63% with non-manifest PD knew exercise could help with PD.
  • Lack of motivation was the primary barrier for non-manifest PD carriers; injury/disability for those with manifest PD.
  • Improved body functioning was the main motivator for both groups.

Conclusions:

  • Many at-risk individuals are unaware of exercise's importance for PD prevention.
  • Reducing exercise barriers could facilitate trials investigating exercise as a PD prevention strategy.