Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 23, 2025
Electroencephalography Network Indices as Biomarkers of Upper Limb Impairment in Chronic Stroke
Published on: July 14, 2023
Demographic, Medical, and Clinical Characteristics of a Population-Based Sample of Patients With Long-lasting
Helle Walseth Nilsen1, Anne Catrine T Martinsen1, Inger Johansen1
1From the Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital (H.W.N., A.C.T.M., F.B.), Nesoddtangen; Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.W.N., F.B.), University of Oslo; Department of Radiology (A.C.T.M.), Oslo Metropolitan University; Institute of Health and Society (I.J.), University of Oslo; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion (M.K.), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (K.S.S.), University of Gothenburg; and Neurocare (K.S.S.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Background And Objectives:
Patients with classic locked-in syndrome (LIS), typically caused by ventral pontine stroke, present with quadriplegia, mutism, intact consciousness, and communication skills limited to vertical gazing and/or blinking. Clinical presentations and definitions of LIS differ, especially regarding incomplete LIS. In our study, we explored the functional diversity of LIS, its outcomes, and the complexity of its course along with variations in the location of lesions and their potential significance for outcomes.
Methods:
A national cohort of patients with vascular LIS who remained in the LIS state for at least 6 weeks according to a functional definition of LIS was studied. Demographic, medical, and follow-up data, collected between 2012 and 2022, were obtained from the quality register of the Norwegian National Unit for Rehabilitation of Locked-In Syndrome. Outcomes in verbal communication, motor function, and dependency were evaluated according to criteria for being in or not in the LIS state. The modified Rankin scale and LIS motor recovery scale were applied. Descriptive analysis was performed. The relationship between lesion location and functional outcome was investigated.
Results:
The sample included 51 patients (median age: 55.7 years, 36 male individuals), 43 of whom had follow-up data. Ischemic stroke was the most common etiology (n = 35). Twenty-three patients had emerged from the LIS state, mostly within 2 years after onset. All but 1 patient achieved some motor improvement, whereas only 3 achieved full motor recovery, and 88% had a persistently high level of dependence. The 3-year survival rate was 87%. Five patients had an isolated pontine lesion, whereas 80% showed various lesions outside the brain stem. Patients who emerged from the LIS state had a significantly lower prevalence of lesions outside the brain stem than patients who remained in the LIS state did.
Discussion:
Investigating an unselected population-based sample of patients with vascular LIS offers important insights into the functional diversity of LIS. Although most patients remained severely disabled, even small improvements in function can substantially increase the potential for activity and participation. Additional lesions outside the brain stem seem to be common in long-lasting LIS and might be prognostic for remaining in the LIS state.
