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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

230
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
230
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

218
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
218
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

209
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
209
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

202
Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
202
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

268
Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
268
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

193
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
193

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
08:34

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

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Risk Stratification in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Update and Perspectives.

Argyro Vraka1, Eleni Diamanti1, Mithum Kularatne2

  • 1Pulmonary Division, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Risk stratification for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is vital for patient prognosis and guides treatment decisions. Current guidelines emphasize achieving low-risk status and personalized therapy, impacting lung transplant referrals.

Keywords:
PAH prognosislung transplantationpulmonary arterial hypertensionrisk stratification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Medical Guidelines

Background:

  • Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) risk stratification is essential for prognosis and patient management.
  • Validated risk assessment scores are used globally to determine patient risk.
  • Recent 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines highlight risk stratification at baseline and follow-up.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key prognostic factors in PAH.
  • To analyze parameters used in PAH risk scores and their evolution.
  • To describe the role of risk stratification in European and Asian guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and guidelines on PAH risk stratification.
  • Analysis of prognostic factors and risk score parameters.
  • Examination of guideline evolution over the past decade.

Main Results:

  • Risk stratification is crucial for assessing PAH patient prognosis and guiding therapy.
  • Achieving a low-risk status is the new therapeutic goal, promoting personalized medicine.
  • Risk assessment influences decisions regarding lung transplantation referral.

Conclusions:

  • Risk stratification is central to PAH management in current European and Asian guidelines.
  • Personalized therapy and achieving low-risk status are emphasized.
  • The evolution of risk assessment tools impacts clinical practice and patient outcomes.