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Nitric Oxide Function and Nitric Oxide Synthase Evolution in Aquatic Chordates.

Annamaria Locascio1, Giovanni Annona1,2, Filomena Caccavale1

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Nitric oxide (NO) is vital in many biological processes. This review details nitric oxide synthase (Nos) gene evolution and NO function across aquatic chordates, revealing insights into vertebrate gene duplication.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Biochemistry

Background:

  • * Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a crucial signaling molecule in diverse physiological and pathological processes across nearly all organisms.
  • * Research into NO's functions has expanded significantly through studies on non-mammalian vertebrates and invertebrates.
  • * The nitric oxide synthase (Nos) gene family plays a central role in NO production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review characterized nitric oxide synthase (Nos) genes in chordates.
  • * To conduct a comparative analysis of NO function in aquatic chordates: tunicates, cephalochordates, teleost fishes, and amphibians.
  • * To elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of Nos genes from invertebrates to vertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review of existing studies on Nos genes and NO function in chordates.
  • * Comparative analysis of gene structure and function across different aquatic chordate groups.
  • * Synthesis of data to understand evolutionary patterns.

Main Results:

  • * Identification and characterization of Nos genes across selected aquatic chordates.
  • * Detailed functional analysis of NO signaling pathways in tunicates, cephalochordates, teleost fishes, and amphibians.
  • * Comparative data highlighting the transition from a single Nos gene in invertebrates to multiple genes in vertebrates.

Conclusions:

  • * The evolution of Nos genes in chordates shows a clear pattern of duplication leading to the vertebrate complement.
  • * NO plays conserved and divergent roles in aquatic chordate physiology and development.
  • * This review provides a comprehensive resource for understanding NO signaling and Nos evolution in aquatic chordates.