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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
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Cargo-Dependent Targeted Cellular Uptake Using Quaternized Starch as a Carrier.

Yossi Blitsman1, Chen Benafsha1, Nir Yarza1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Modified starch, Q-starch, shows promise as a universal drug delivery carrier. It forms nano-sized complexes that efficiently target cellular organelles based on the therapeutic cargo

Keywords:
cellular uptakephosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphateplasmid DNAquaternized starchself-assembly complexessmall interfering RNAtargeted drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Tailored drug delivery systems are crucial for targeted therapies.
  • Developing adaptable carriers for diverse therapeutic agents remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate modified starch (Q-starch) as a universal drug delivery carrier.
  • To investigate Q-starch's ability to target specific cellular organelles based on cargo properties.

Main Methods:

  • Formation and characterization of Q-starch/cargo complexes using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM).
  • Testing delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3).

Main Results:

  • Q-starch forms nano-sized, positively charged, spherical complexes with therapeutic molecules.
  • These complexes demonstrate efficient cellular uptake and targeted organelle delivery (nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane).
  • Intracellular trafficking is dictated by the cargo's biological activity site.

Conclusions:

  • Q-starch is a versatile and potent carrier for diverse therapeutic agents.
  • The carrier's adaptability allows cargo-specific intracellular targeting.
  • This highlights potential for novel targeted delivery strategies.