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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...
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Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

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Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Utilizing Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock
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Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Ruptures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Two Case Series.

Nkechi A Okam1, Jonathan Vargas1, Mohamed Zakee Mohamed Jiffry1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, Danbury, USA.

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|July 14, 2023
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Summary

Delayed presentation of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during COVID-19 increased risks for rare complications like ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Prompt diagnosis and intervention are crucial for better outcomes in these critical cardiac emergencies.

Keywords:
covid 19myocardial infarctionpost mi vsdpost-myocardial infarction ventricular septal ruptureventricular septal defect (vsd)ventricular septal rupture

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic led to delayed medical attention for acute cardiovascular events.
  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a critical condition requiring immediate intervention.

Observation:

  • Two patients presented with STEMI and developed hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defects (VSDs).
  • Both patients experienced delayed presentation for cardiac emergencies due to COVID-19 concerns.
  • One patient was 92 years old with multiple comorbidities; the other was 62 with diabetes and hypertension.

Findings:

  • Delayed STEMI presentation increased the risk of rare mechanical complications, specifically VSD.
  • Despite interventions including hemodynamic support and VSD closure, both patients had fatal outcomes.
  • Post-infarction VSDs are rare but life-threatening complications of acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Implications:

  • Prompt diagnosis and management of STEMI are vital to prevent life-threatening mechanical complications like VSD.
  • Early revascularization strategies are essential in mitigating the risk of VSD development post-MI.
  • These cases underscore the importance of seeking timely medical care for cardiac symptoms, even during a pandemic.